Ποιος παντρεύτηκε το Atiqa bint Zayd;

Atika bint Zayd al-Adawiyya (Arabic: عاتكة بنت زيد, romanized: ʿĀtika bint Zayd) was a woman in 7th century Arabia who was an Islamic scholar and poet. She was a disciple (Sahaba) of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. She was one of the wives of ‘Umar ibn al-Khattab, the second Caliph. She was a poet who is notable for having married three Muslim men who died martyrs (shaheed).

ʿAbd Allāh ibn Abī Bakr al-Taymī (Arabic: عبد الله ابن أبي بكر التيمي; c. 608–633) was a son of the first caliph Abu Bakr (r. 632–634) and a Companion of the Islamic prophet Muhammad.

Al-Zubayr ibn al-Awwam ibn Khuwaylid al-Asadi (Arabic: الزُّبَيْر بْن الْعَوَّام بْن خُوَيْلِد الأَسَدِيّ, romanized: al-Zubayr ibn al-ʿAwwām ibn Khuwaylid al-ʾAsadī; c. 594–656) was an Arab Muslim commander in the service of the Islamic prophet Muhammad and the caliphs Abu Bakr (r. 632–634) and Umar (r. 634–644) who played a leading role in the Ridda wars against rebel tribes in Arabia in 632–633 and later participated in early Muslim conquests of Sasanid Persia in 633–634, Byzantine Syria in 634–638, and the Exarchate of Africa in 639–643.

An early convert to Islam, Zubayr was a commander in the Battle of Badr in 624, in which the latter was instrumental in defeating the opponent forces of the Quraysh. He participated in almost all of the early Muslim battles and expeditions under Muhammad. In the Battle of the Trench, due to his military service, Muhammad bestowed the title Hawari Rasul Allah ('Disciple of Messenger of God') upon him. After Muhammad's demise, Zubayr was appointed as a commander, in the Ridda Wars, by caliph Abu Bakr. He was involved in the defense of Medina and Battle of Yamama. During Umar's caliphate, Zubayr served in the Muslim conquests of Egypt, Levant, Persia, Sudan, and Tripolitania.

After Umar's assassination, Zubayr became an important political figure of the caliphate, being the chief advisor of the Shura that elected the third caliph Uthman. During the latter's caliphate, Zubayr advised the caliph in political and religious issues. After Uthman was assassinated, Zubayr pledged allegiance to the fourth caliph Ali, though later withdrew allegiance, after Ali refused to avenge Uthman's death. Zubayr's forces engaged with Ali's forces in the Battle of the Camel in December 656. In the aftermath, while Zubayr was prostrating in prayer, he was killed by Amr ibn Jurmuz.

Zubayr is generally considered by historians to be one of early Islam's most accomplished commanders. The Sunni Islamic tradition credits Zubayr as being promised paradise. The Shia Islamic tradition views Zubayr negatively. The general's descendants, known as the Zubayrids, are found worldwide.

Ο Ουμάρ ιμπν αλ-Χαττάμπ ή Ουμάρ Α΄ (μεταξύ 586 και 590 – 7 Νοεμβρίου 644, αραβικά: عمر بن الخطاب) ή Ούμαρος κατά τον βυζαντινό χρονικογράφο Θεοφάνη Ομολογητή υπήρξε ένας από τους πιο ισχυρούς και σημαίνοντες μουσουλμάνους χαλίφηδες στην ιστορία. Ήταν "σαχάμπι" (σύντροφος) του Προφήτη Μωάμεθ. Διαδέχθηκε τον χαλίφη Αμπού Μπακρ (632-634) ως δεύτερος κατά σειρά χαλίφης του Πατριαρχικού Χαλιφάτου στις 23 Αυγούστου 634. Ήταν ειδικός στη νομολογία του Ισλάμ και περισσότερο γνωστός για την ευσεβή και δίκαιη φύση του χαρακτήρος του, που του έδωσε τον τίτλο Αλ-Φαρούκ (αυτός που διακρίνει ανάμεσα στο σωστό και το λάθος). Αναφέρεται κάποιες φορές ως χαλίφης Ουμάρ Α΄ από τους ιστορικούς του Ισλάμ, για να διακρίνεται από τον Ουμάρ Β΄, έναν ύστερο Ομεϋάδα χαλίφη.

Υπό την χαλιφεία του Ουμάρ η Ισλαμική Αυτοκρατορία επεκτάθηκε σε πρωτόγνωρο βαθμό διαφεντεύοντας ολόκληρη την Αυτοκρατορία των Σασσανιδών Περσών και περισσότερα από τα δύο τρίτα της Ανατολικής Ρωμαϊκής Αυτοκρατορίας. Οι επιθέσεις του εναντίον της Αυτοκρατορίας των Σασσανιδών κατέληξαν στην κατάκτηση της περσικής αυτοκρατορίας σε λιγότερο από δύο χρόνια.